{"id":884766,"date":"2015-11-04T11:24:06","date_gmt":"2015-11-04T18:24:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=884766"},"modified":"2015-11-04T11:27:11","modified_gmt":"2015-11-04T18:27:11","slug":"contractor-i-do-not-think-that-employers-liability-exclusion-means-what-you-think-it-means","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/contractor-i-do-not-think-that-employers-liability-exclusion-means-what-you-think-it-means\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Contractor?&#8221; I do not think that employer\u2019s liability exclusion means what you think it means"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jonathan Sterling | Carlton Fields Jorden Burt | October 30, 2015<\/p>\n<p>Over the summer,\u00a0this blog reported\u00a0on how the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania managed to parse an employer\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/rumors-revival-greatly-exaggerated-fifth-circuit-reverses-opinion-contractual-liability-exclusion\/\" target=\"_blank\">liability exclusion<\/a> to find that it\u00a0<strong><em>did not<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0exclude claims by employees of\u00a0additional insureds<strong>.<\/strong>\u00a0As the leaves started to turn, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit put an employer\u2019s exclusion under a similar microscope. In\u00a0<em>United States Liab. Ins. Co. v. Benchmark Constr. Svcs., Inc.<\/em>, No. 14-1832 (1st Cir. Aug. 12, 2015), a case arising out of a home renovation, the court found that\u00a0<strong>the word \u201ccontractor\u201d is ambiguous<\/strong>. Notwithstanding the exclusion, therefore, a general contractor was entitled to coverage for injury to a house painter who had been hired by the project\u2019s architect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Too Many Trades<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When Tom and Sue Ghezzi decided to beautify their home in Newton, Massachusetts, an architect named Thomas Huth designed the renovation plans. The Ghezzis then hired Benchmark Construction Services to act as general contractor for the project. But it was the architect, rather than Benchmark, who hired Sara Egan, d\/b\/a Painted Design, to apply decorative painting to one of the interior walls. Egan assigned the job to her employee, Meghan Bailey.<\/p>\n<p>Ms. Bailey tried to complete the job from a ladder positioned on top of some scaffolding\u2014scaffolding that had allegedly been erected by employees of Benchmark. (Benchmark claimed that Painted Design had been responsible.) After falling from the ladder on March 5, 2010, Ms. Bailey sued Benchmark in Massachusetts state court for alleged negligence in connection with the erection and maintenance of the scaffolding and ladder.<\/p>\n<p>Benchmark sought a defense under its Commercial General Liability Coverage policy, but its insurer denied the claim. The insurer relied on an endorsement entitled, \u201c<strong>Bodily Injury Exclusion \u2013 All Employees, Volunteer Workers, Temporary Workers, Casual Laborers, Contractors, and Subcontractors.<\/strong>\u201d The endorsement provided that the policy\u2019s insurance\u00a0<strong>did not apply to<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018Bodily injury\u2019 to any \u2026\u2019employee\u2019\u2026of any contractor or subcontractor arising out of or in the course of rendering or performing services of any kind or nature whatsoever by such contractor, subcontractor or \u2019employee\u2019 \u2026 for which any insured may become liable in any capacity[.]\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The policy did not define the word \u201ccontractor.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Easy Peasy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In June 2013, the insurer brought an action in federal court in Massachusetts, seeking a declaration that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/seventh-circuit-holds-contractor-bodily-injury-exclusion-inapplicable\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bodily Injury Exclusion<\/a> barred coverage for Bailey\u2019s claims. Benchmark counterclaimed, and the parties cross-moved for summary judgment.<\/p>\n<p>In July 2014, the district court entered judgment for the insurer. It held that the Bodily Injury Exclusion excludes coverage for any injuries to employees of contractors who are injured while performing services. As to whether Painted Design was a \u201ccontractor\u201d within the meaning of the exclusion, even though it had no contractual relationship with the insured, the court had a simple answer: as used in the exclusion,\u00a0\u201c<strong>contractor\u201d unambiguously means \u201c<em>anyone with a contract<\/em>.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Not So Fast<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Benchmark appealed the ruling to the First Circuit, and that court (by a panel that included\u00a0Retired Justice David Souter) found the exclusion to be a much tougher read.<\/p>\n<p>The first problem the court discovered involved the phrase, \u201cinjury to any \u2026 employee \u2026 of any contractor \u2026 arising out of \u2026 rendering services \u2026 for which any insured may become liable.\u201d Specifically, the court asked which antecedent noun was modified by the phrase \u201cfor which any insured may become liable\u201d: was it \u201cbodily injury,\u201d or was it \u201cservices\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>Benchmark advocated the latter reading: it claimed the exclusion applied only to injuries suffered in the course of\u00a0<strong><em>services<\/em>\u00a0for which Benchmark was liable<\/strong>. It asserted, in other words, that the phrase \u201cfor which any insured may become liable\u201d actually meant \u201cwhich any insured was obligated to perform.\u201d The insurer took the opposite position: it argued that the exclusion applies to injuries that employees suffer,<strong>\u00a0<em>if the insured may be liable for those injuries<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Without specifically addressing whether Benchmark was using the word \u201cliable\u201d in an exotic fashion, the court found that<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>reasonably intelligent people could differ as to the proper antecedent of \u2018for which the insured may become liable.\u2019 The exclusion is therefore ambiguous. Under Massachusetts law, [the insured] is entitled to have the ambiguity resolved in its favor, particularly where the ambiguity appears in an exclusion.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Did You Say \u201cContractor?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The First Circuit next examined whether the term \u201ccontractor\u201d was ambiguous. Benchmark argued that \u201ccontractor,\u201d as used in the exclusion, meant not just anyone with a contract, but, rather,\u00a0<strong>anyone with a contract\u00a0<em>with the insured<\/em>. <\/strong>The court found both interpretations could be held by reasonably intelligent people, and it therefore construed the term in Benchmark\u2019s favor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hey, What Did You Expect?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The court also examined the \u201creasonable expectations\u201d of the insured, and it found that they supported&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lexology.com\/library\/detail.aspx?g=c1c40387-29cb-4105-8995-6839339dd46a&amp;utm_source=Lexology+Daily+Newsfeed&amp;utm_medium=HTML+email+-+Body+-+General+section&amp;utm_campaign=Lexology+subscriber+daily+feed&amp;utm_content=Lexology+Daily+Newsfeed+2015-11-04&amp;utm_term=\" target=\"_blank\">To finish reading this article<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jonathan Sterling | Carlton Fields Jorden Burt | October 30, 2015 Over the summer,\u00a0this blog reported\u00a0on how the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania managed to parse an employer\u2019s liability exclusion to find that it\u00a0did not\u00a0exclude claims by employees of\u00a0additional insureds.\u00a0As the leaves started to turn, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit put an&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/contractor-i-do-not-think-that-employers-liability-exclusion-means-what-you-think-it-means\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;Contractor?&#8221; I do not think that employer\u2019s liability exclusion means what you think it means<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[9,3],"tags":[224,18,8900,11],"class_list":["post-884766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construction-contracts","category-insurance-claims","tag-construction-contract","tag-contractor","tag-employers-liability-exclusion","tag-insurance-claim","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>&quot;Contractor?&quot; 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