{"id":891916,"date":"2017-04-06T11:31:27","date_gmt":"2017-04-06T17:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=891916"},"modified":"2017-04-06T11:31:27","modified_gmt":"2017-04-06T17:31:27","slug":"qualifies-insured-collapse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/qualifies-insured-collapse\/","title":{"rendered":"What Qualifies as an Insured Collapse?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Richard Wolf | <a href=\"http:\/\/www.claimsjournal.com\/news\/midwest\/2017\/04\/04\/277743.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Claims Journal<\/a> | April 4, 2017<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Latest Case and Growing Trend Say it Must Fall Down or Cave in<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The scope of insurance coverage for collapse, first provided by the industry in 1954, has long been the subject of litigation in many jurisdictions. The arguments for what triggers coverage appear to fall into three categories: (1) actual collapse, (2) imminent collapse, or (3) substantial impairment of a building\u2019s structural integrity.<\/p>\n<p>The most recent decision on the subject, which applies Illinois law, was filed March 14, 2017. It is entitled <em>The Travelers Home and Marine Insurance Company v. Walsh<\/em>. It is reported at 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35841. That case held that, read as a whole, the homeowners policy the Walshes purchased intended to cover only loss and damage resulting from actual collapse of the dwelling insured, i.e. where the building loses its character as a building.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ad-in-text\" class=\"clearfix\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"beacon_9feecc5098\">The policy in Walsh defined the term \u201ccollapse\u201d as \u201can abrupt falling down or caving in of the building or any part of a building with the result that the building or part of the building cannot be occupied.\u201d The parties agreed that the loss incident was abrupt and caused the property to be uninhabitable \u2013 but still the court found no coverage.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The causal facts were that in 2014, the Walshes engaged a contractor to build a second story addition above the existing dwelling and a two-story addition off the rear of the residence. In August 2015, as a result of the contractor\u2019s malfeasance, the foundation of the dwelling was compromised, failed and cracked, rendering the dwelling structurally unsound and unsafe, both for use as a dwelling and for completion of the construction project. The west brick wall was laterally displaced. The first story floor\/basement ceiling sloped downward toward the west wall and the second-story floor moved. Additionally, the incident left large gaps and separations in the existing mortar, between the bricks and window framing, and there were cracks in the mortar and large gaps or separations between the bricks on the east wall.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, however, no wall had fallen to the ground, and no one observed that anything had come off of the dwelling and fallen to the ground, such as the bricks that formed the construction materials of the dwelling.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing that Illinois law applied, the District Court observed that two Illinois appellate court decisions addressing \u201ccollapse\u201d insurance coverage had adopted the \u201cmodern view\u201d that the term was sufficiently ambiguous to include coverage for any substantial impairment of the structural integrity of a building, and that the term does not require complete destruction or falling in and of a building or a part of the building, nor does it require that the loss result from a sudden catastrophic occurrence.<\/p>\n<p>In light of those two decisions, the court in Walsh said that until the Illinois Supreme Court decides otherwise, the legal meaning of \u201ccollapse\u201d in a homeowners policy, disregarding exclusions, is the sudden impairment\/undermining of a structure even if the structure has not completely fallen down. If this view were adopted, the court held, the subject dwelling would be in a state of collapse, triggering coverage for loss.<\/p>\n<p>The policy purchased by the Walshes, however, had one additional exclusion from coverage not present in the policies addressed in the two Illinois appellate court decisions. The Walshes\u2019 policy did not cover a loss from a collapse <em>if the building remained standing<\/em>, even if it was cracked, bulging, sagging, bending, leaning, settled, shrunk or expanded. This exclusion, and the dictionary definition of the term \u201cstanding,\u201d caused the court in Walsh to declare there was no coverage. By using the phrase \u201ca building that is standing,\u201d the policy meant to exclude coverage if the structure remained \u201cerect, in place on its foundation.\u201d This word study caused the court to say that, \u201cA house that is cracked but still upright on its base is standing; a part of a house that has dropped downward but is still upright is standing. . . Because it is undisputed that the Dwelling, including the west wall, remained upright on its foundation after the loss incident, the loss is excluded from coverage of a collapse.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Some courts interpret collapse coverage to mean that there is coverage, too, if collapse is <em>imminent<\/em>. They point out that imposing a strict requirement of actual collapse would make an insured seeking insurance benefits to neglect repairs and allow a building to fall, a course of action that could not possibly conform to an insured\u2019s reasonable expectation of coverage, or advance the best interests of the insured, the public or even the insurer, if it remained on the risk until the expected actual collapse occurred. (See, e.g., <em>Doheny West Homeowners\u2019 Association v. American Guarantee &amp; Liability Insurance Company<\/em> (1997) 60 Cal.App. 4th 400, 404.)<\/p>\n<p>Requiring actual collapse would also be inconsistent with policy language which in some cases, including <em>Doheny West<\/em>, covers \u201closs or damage caused by or resulting from risks of direct physical loss involving collapse of a building.\u201d (Emphasis added.) By using the phrases \u201crisk of loss\u201d and \u201c<em>involving collapse<\/em>,\u201d these policies broaden their coverage beyond actual collapse, to include imminent collapse. According to the court in <em>Doheny<\/em><em>West<\/em> this broader interpretation has been said to be the view of the majority of modern courts, and that it more realistically reflects the purposes of the insurance policy.<\/p>\n<p>But logically a limitation on the expansion of meaning is necessary to avoid converting insurance policies into maintenance agreements. For this reason, the court said in <em>Doheny<\/em><em>West<\/em> it did not agree that broadening the insuring language to encompass the risk of loss of collapse creates coverage whenever there is a \u201csubstantial impairment of structural integrity.\u201d To do otherwise would be contrary to the fundamental rule of construing insurance policies requiring them to be viewed in light of their general objects and purposes.<\/p>\n<p>In accordance with the <em>Walsh<\/em> decision, however, property insurance policies have been revised to clarify what constitutes a covered \u201ccollapse.\u201d The current ISO Homeowners Insurance form has been revised to state, \u201cA building or any part of the building that is standing is not considered to be in a state of collapse even if it shows evidence of cracking, bulging, sagging, leaning, settling, shrinkage or expansion.\u201d (ISO Form HO 00 03 10 00, Sec. I \u2013 Property Coverages, Para E.8.a.(4).)<\/p>\n<p>As a leading insurance treatise states, \u201cThese words emphasize the requirement of an actual or imminent collapse due to a covered peril: \u2018it is difficult indeed to imagine a building collapsing without any of these symptoms appearing. The only reasonable interpretation of this ISO policy language is that <em>mere<\/em> settling, cracking, shrinkage, bulging or expansion is not enough: there must also be an actual or imminent collapse of the structure.\u2019 (<em>Stamm Theaters, Inc. v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co<\/em>., supra, 93 Cal app 4th at 541-542 . . . .\u201d (California Insurance Litigation (The Rutter Group, California Practice Guide, Sec. 6:287.1. Emphasis in original.)<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, some \u201crecent policies attempt to resolve any ambiguity by defining collapse to mean actual, physical collapse of the structure.\u201d (Ibid., Sec. 6:287.10.) \u201cSuch policies do not cover a structure facing imminent collapse even though delaying payment until it falls down creates a risk of injury or death or greater property damage.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Importantly, in 2003 the California Supreme Court affirmed that it does not rewrite any provision of any contract, including insurance policies, for any purpose. The court rejected public policy arguments for coverage that had persuaded the Court of Appeal that \u201cas a matter of public policy State Farm must provide insurance benefits for imminent collapse of [the insured\u2019s] two decks.\u201d (<em>Rosen v. State Farm Gen. Ins. Co<\/em>. (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 1070, 1077-1078.) In a stirring pronouncement against judicial overreach, the court said:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is conceivable that to rewrite the [insurance policy collapse] provision thus might result in providing society itself with benefits that might outweigh any costs that it might impose on individual insurers and individual insureds. It is conceivable. But unknown. Knowledge \u2018depend[s] in large part on\u2019 what we are ill suited for, that is, the \u2018amassing and analyzing of complex and extensive empirical data.\u2019 . . . Without such knowledge we could not proceed.\u201d (<em>Rosen<\/em>, p. 1078.)<\/p>\n<p>Although the <em>Rosen<\/em> case did not involve an ISO form policy, the current ISO Homeowners Insurance form is explicit: Collapse means an abrupt falling down or caving in of a building or any part of the building with the result that the building or part of the building cannot be occupied for its current intended purpose\u2026 A building or any part of a building that is in danger of falling down or caving in is not considered to be in a state of collapse.\u201d (ISO Form HO 00 03 10 00, Sec. I \u2013 Property Coverages, Sec. E.8.a.(1), (2).) Finally, a current ISO form states that \u201ca part of a building that is standing is not considered to be in a state of collapse even if it has separated from another part of the building.\u201d (ISO Form H0 00 03 10 00, Sec. I \u2013 Property Coverages, Sec. E.8.a.(3).)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Richard Wolf | Claims Journal | April 4, 2017 Latest Case and Growing Trend Say it Must Fall Down or Cave in The scope of insurance coverage for collapse, first provided by the industry in 1954, has long been the subject of litigation in many jurisdictions. The arguments for what triggers coverage appear to fall&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/qualifies-insured-collapse\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">What Qualifies as an Insured Collapse?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[9914],"tags":[9895,8672,23],"class_list":["post-891916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insurance-coverage","tag-advise-consult","tag-collapse","tag-insurance-coverage","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Qualifies as an Insured Collapse? 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