{"id":897920,"date":"2020-09-03T11:06:52","date_gmt":"2020-09-03T17:06:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=897920"},"modified":"2020-09-03T11:06:56","modified_gmt":"2020-09-03T17:06:56","slug":"equitable-subrogation-california","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/equitable-subrogation-california\/","title":{"rendered":"Court of Appeal Puts the \u201cEquity\u201d in Equitable Subrogation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Garret Murai | California Construction Law Blog<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subrogation<\/a> as a concept is well understood in insurance circles. According to the Institute of Risk Management Institute\u2019s glossary of insurance terms subrogation is \u201cthe assignment to an insurer by the terms of [a] policy or by law, after payment of a loss, of the rights fo the insured to recover the amount of the loss from one legally liable for it.\u201d In other words, if an insurer comes out of pocket for something someone else broke, the insurer can turn to that responsible party for reimbursement of its out of pocket costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typically, subrogation is, as stated in IRMI\u2019s glossary of insurance terms, a matter of contract and the rights and responsibilities of parties are set forth within the terms of a policy. However, subrogation may, as stated in IRMI\u2019s glossary, also be matter of law. And this is where\u00a0equitable subrogation<\/a><\/em>\u00a0comes in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEquitable subrogation,\u201d according to IRMI, is \u201cthe right of subrogation granted under common law when one party has made a payment on behalf of another and becomes entitled to whatever recovery rights the other party has against a responsible third party.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\u00a0Pulte Home Corporation v. CBR Electric, Inc.<\/em>\u00a0(2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 216, the 4th District Court of Appeal examined a trial court decision finding against an insurer\u2019s equitable contribution claim against several subcontractors in a construction defect lawsuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pulte Home Case<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pulte Home Corporation was the developer, owner and general contractor of three single-family developments in Murrieta, California. Pulte contracted with various subcontractors to perform work at the developments. Under the terms of Pulte\u2019s subcontracts the subcontractors agreed to defend and indemnity Pulte against \u201call liability, claims, judgments, suits, or demands for damages to persons or property arising out of, resulting from, or relating to\u201d their work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2013 and 2014, two groups of homeowners filed lawsuits against Pulte alleging various construction defects at the developments. Pulte tendered defense of the lawsuits to its subcontractors and their insurers pursuant to the indemnity provision in the subcontractors and later filed a cross-complaint against 34 subcontractors for express indemnification and breach of contract. Pulte was defended during the litigation by its insurance carrier, St. Paul Mercury Insurance Company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the course of litigation, Pulte and several of the subcontractors settled with the plaintiffs for approximately $80,000. The defense costs leading up to the settlement totaled approximately $253,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In separate lawsuit, St. Paul sued the subcontractors for reimbursement of an equitable portion of the defense costs it incurred under an equitable subrogation theory. Following a bench trial, the trial court denied St. Paul\u2019s claim on two grounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, the trial court found that St. Paul had not established a \u201ccausal connection\u201d between the subcontractors and damages suffered by the homeowners because the subcontractor\u2019s failure to defend Pulte had not \u201ccaused the homeowners to file their lawsuit[s] against Pulte and thereby necessitate th[e] defense costs to be incurred.\u201d Second, the trial court found that equitable subrogation is an all-or-nothing claim, and that St. Paul had failed to show that it could shift the entire costs of defense to the subcontractors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St. Paul appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Appeal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On Appeal, the 4th District explained that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subrogation is defined as the substitution of another person in place of the creditor or claimant to whose rights he or she succeeds in relation to the debt or claim. By undertaking to indemnify or pay the principal debtor\u2019s obligation to the creditor or claimant, the \u201csubrogee\u201d is equitably subrogated<\/em> to the claimant (or \u201csubrogor\u201d), and succeeds to the subrogor\u2019s rights against the obligor. In the case of insurance, subrogation takes the form of an insurer\u2019s right to be put in the position of the insured in order to pursue recovery from third parties legally responsible to the insured for a loss which the insurer has both insured and paid.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEquitable subrogation,\u201d explained the Court of Appeal, includes eight elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The insured suffered a loss for which the defendant is liable, either as the wrongdoer whose act or omission caused the loss or because the defendant is legally responsible to the insured for the loss caused by the wrongdoer;<\/li>
  2. The claimed loss was one for which the insurer was not<\/em> primarily liable;<\/li>
  3. The insurer has compensated the insured in whole or in part for the same loss for which the defendant is primarily liable;<\/li>
  4. The insurer has paid the claim of its insured to protect its own interest and not as a volunteer;<\/li>
  5. The insured has an existing, assignable cause of action against the defendant which the insured could have asserted for its own benefit had it not been compensated for its loss by the insurer;<\/li>
  6. The insurer has suffered damages caused by the act or omission upon which the liability of the defendant depends;<\/li>
  7. Justice requires that the loss be entirely shifted from the insurer to the defendant, whose equitable position is inferior to that of the insurer; and<\/li>
  8. The insurer\u2019s damages are in a liquidated sum, generally the amount paid to the insured.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    As to the first element, the Court of Appeal explained that the trial court had incorrectly interpreted the first element to require St. Paul to show that its insured Pulte suffered a loss for which the subcontractors were \u201centirely\u201d responsible. Acknowledging that the trial court\u2019s decision appeared to have also relied on the seventh element, \u201cthat the loss be entirely shifted from insurer to the defendant,\u201d the Court explained that \u201cthe word \u2018entirely\u2019 in that context refers not to the total amount the plaintiff (or subrogee) paid, but refers instead to \u201cthe claimed loss\u201d (in the second element) that the subrogee is seeking from the defendant on the ground the defendant is primarily liable (third element) for that loss\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    We conclude the trial court\u2019s interpretation of how subrogation operates, which defendants urge us to adopt, is incorrect. While it is true that a subrogee insurer can<\/em> seek the entire cost of defense \u2013 for example, if the insurer is an excess insurer and is claiming the general liability insurer is primarily responsible for the entire loss \u2013 a subrogee is not required to do so. In other words, subrogation entirely shifts the claimed loss, but the claimed loss doesn\u2019t have to be entire loss the subrogee suffered.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    As to the trial court\u2019s finding that St. Paul had not established a \u201ccausal connection\u201d between the subcontractors and damages suffered by the homeowners because the subcontractor\u2019s failure to defend Pulte had not \u201ccaused the homeowners to file their lawsuit[s] against Pulte and thereby necessitate th[e] defense costs to be incurred,\u201d the Court of Appeal again disagreed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rather than ask whether defendants\u2019 failure to accept Pulte\u2019s tender caused Pulte (and later St. Paul) to incur those costs, the trial court instead asked whether defendants\u2019 failure to accept Pulte\u2019s tender caused the construction defect actions themselves. Under such a causation analysis, a subcontractor\u2019s breach of its duty to defend could never have a causal connection to defense costs. This is because its duty to defend does not arise until after<\/em> the general contractor is sued and tenders its defense. Such an analysis would have the undesirable result of cloaking subcontractors with impunity for breaching their contractual duties. The proper inquiry is whether defendants\u2019 breach caused Pulte to incur the loss St. Paul is claiming in this litigation (i.e., defendants\u2019 share of the defense costs). The answer to that question is yes.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    So there you have it.  As the Pulte<\/em> court stated: \u201cEquitable subrogation is, as the name suggests, based on equity.\u201d While an insurer may<\/em> attempt to shift the entirety of its defense costs to others whom it believes are responsible, it is not required to. Further, a defendant\u2019s obligation to reimburse an insurer an equitable portion of its defense costs does not hinge on whether the defendant\u2019s failure to defend an insurer\u2019s insured caused the insurer to incur defense costs, but rather, whether the acts or omissions of the defendant caused or allegedly caused the lawsuit to be filed to begin with.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Garret Murai | California Construction Law Blog Subrogation as a concept is well understood in insurance circles. According to the Institute of Risk Management Institute\u2019s glossary of insurance terms subrogation is \u201cthe assignment to an insurer by the terms of [a] policy or by law, after payment of a loss, of the rights fo the… Continue reading Court of Appeal Puts the \u201cEquity\u201d in Equitable Subrogation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[10721],"tags":[9895,88,9129,22,233],"class_list":["post-897920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insurance","tag-advise-consult","tag-california","tag-equitable-subrogation","tag-insurance","tag-subrogation","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nCourt of Appeal Puts the \u201cEquity\u201d in Equitable Subrogation - 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