{"id":899069,"date":"2021-08-25T15:04:04","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T21:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=899069"},"modified":"2021-08-25T15:04:08","modified_gmt":"2021-08-25T21:04:08","slug":"arbitration-provision-incorporated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/arbitration-provision-incorporated\/","title":{"rendered":"Court of Appeals Finds Arbitration Provision Incorporated by Reference Unenforceable"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Garret Murai | California Construction Law Blog<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subcontractors have gotten accustomed to incorporation clauses in their contracts. While an incorporation clause<\/a> can incorporate any document, most typically, it\u2019s the prime contract between the general contractor and the project owner. Subcontractors will sometimes even accept these documents sight unseen which can be a recipe for disaster. But not in the next case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\u00a0Remedial Construction Services, LP v. AECOM, Inc.<\/em>, Case No. B303797 (June 15, 2021), the 2nd District Court of Appeal examined whether a subcontractor was bound to an arbitration provision contained in a prime contract that was incorporated by reference into the subcontractor\u2019s contract. In this case, it was the prime contractor who was in for a surprise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Remedial Construction Case<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 2015, Shell Oil Products US, LLC entered into a prime contract with AECOM Technical Services, Inc. for the demolition, remediation and restoration of the Gaviota oil terminal in Goleta, California. AECOM in turn entered into a subcontract with Remedial Construction Services, LP to perform portions of the work. When AECOM refused to pay Remedial for delay costs asserted by Remedial, Remedial filed suit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In response, AECOM filed a motion to compel arbitration pursuant to its prime contract with Shell. The arbitration provision in the prime contract stated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Any dispute or claim, arising out of or in connection with the CONTRACT or its subject matter or formation, whether in tort, contract, under statute, or otherwise . . . will be finally and exclusively resolved by arbitration under the International Center for Dispute Resolution (\u201cICDR\u201d) International Dispute Resolution Procedures (the \u201cRules\u201d).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The incorporation clause contained in Remedial\u2019s subcontract with AECOM stated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The contract between Contractor and [Owner] . . . is hereby incorporated into and made a part of this Agreement by reference. Subcontractor assumes toward Contractor all of the obligations and responsibilities contained in the Prime Agreement or client flow-down provisions . . . that Contractor assumes towards its Client as they relate to Subcontractor\u2019s performance of the Work. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and Prime Contract the more restrictive provision shall govern.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The trial court denied AECOM\u2019s motion finding that there was \u201cno general obligation in [Remedial\u2019s subcontract], that Remedial\u2019s subcontract \u201cdoes not directly incorporate the arbitration agreement from [AECOM\u2019s prime contract], and that the arbitration provision in the prime contract only applied to claims against Shell not to claims between Remedial and AECOM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AECOM appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Appeal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On appeal, the 2nd District Court of Appeal explained that \u201c[a]lthough the law favors contracts for arbitration of disputes between parties, there is no policy compelling persons to accept arbitration of controversies which they have not agreed to arbitrate\u201d and that \u201c[a]bsent a clear agreement to submit disputes to arbitration, courts will not infer that the right to a jury trial has been waived.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further, explained the Court of Appeals:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[W]hile parties may incorporate by reference into their contract the terms of some other agreement . . . each case must turn on its facts. For the terms of another document to be incorporated into the document executed by the parties the reference must be clear and unequivocal, the reference must be called to the attention of the other party and he must consent thereto, and the terms pf the incorporated document must be known or easily available to the contracting parties.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Applying a de novo standard of review, the Court of Appeals held that the arbitration provision contained in AECOM\u2019s prime contract with Shell was inapplicable to disputes between Remedial and AECOM for five reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The Incorporation Clause Applied to Remedial\u2019s Performance of its Work Only:<\/strong> Under the incorporation clause, Remedial agreed to assume AECOM\u2019s obligations under the prime contract, but only to the extent they related to Remedial\u2019s performance of its work on the project, not AECOM and Shell\u2019s agreement to arbitrate disputes between them.<\/li>
  2. The Subcontract Included a Litigation Provision:<\/strong> Remedial\u2019s subcontract included a litigation provision, not an arbitration provision, which stated that \u201c[a]ny litigation instituted by and between the Parties arising out of or relating to this Subcontract shall be conducted in the federal or state court of jurisdiction in the State whose laws govern this Subcontract and Contractor and Subcontractor each consents to the jurisdiction of such court.\u201d The arbitration provision in the prime contract, should it be applied, explained the Court of Appeal, would render the litigation provision \u201csuperfluous, void or inexplicable.\u201d <\/li>
  3. The Order of Precedence Clause in the Subcontract Gave Precedence to the Subcontract: <\/strong>Remedial\u2019s subcontract included an \u201cOrder of Precedence\u201d clause that gave precedence documents in the following order: (a) amendments to the subcontract; (b) the subcontract; (c) the general conditions to the subcontract; (d) drawings accompanying the subcontract; and (e) specifications and \u201cother Subcontract Documents including the Prime Agreement.\u201d Thus, explained the Court of Appeals, \u201cAECOM and [Remedial] expressly agreed the terms of the Subcontract would control over the Prime Agreement.\u201d<\/li>
  4. The Subcontract Expressly Incorporated Certain Provisions of the Prime Contract But Not the Prime Contract\u2019s Arbitration Provision: <\/strong>Remedial\u2019s subcontract expressly incorporated the \u201cforce majeure events\u201d defined in the prime contract. As the drafter of Remedial\u2019s subcontract, explained the Court of Appeals, AECOM could have similarly referenced the arbitration provision of the prime contract. Thus, explained the Court, \u201cto the extent an ambiguity exists regarding whether AECOM and [Remedial] intended to arbitrate their disputes, it should be construed against AECOM as \u2018the party who caused the uncertainty to exist.’\u201d<\/li>
  5. The Subcontract\u2019s \u201cJoinder\u201d Provision Would Only Apply if AECOM Was in Arbitration, Mediation, or Litigation with the Shell: <\/strong>Finally, the Court of Appeal pointed to the \u201cjoinder\u201d provision of Remedial\u2019s subcontract, in which Remedial agreed to consent to joinder in any arbitration, mediation, or litigation between AECOM and Shell. That provision, explained the Court of Appeal, \u201cfurther confirms that if there was an intent to arbitrate claims between [Remedial] and AECOM, the Subcontract would have so sated. The only agreement to arbitrate involving [Remedial] is one in which it is joined as a party to an action between AECOM and the Owner.\u201d<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    This is the first decision I\u2019ve seen analyzing in detail the enforceability of a document incorporated by reference. As such, there\u2019s a lot to unpack. On one hand, one can take a broad view of this decision and argue that it applies to any document, and any provision contained in such document, that is incorporated by reference. As such, you name it, and this decision might apply to it, whether it involves an arbitration provision, payment hold-back provisions, etc. On the other hand, it could also be narrowly construed to only apply to arbitration provisions that are incorporated by reference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The decision also opens up a potential can of worms. Not that I\u2019m saying that the five points raised by the Court of Appeals weren\u2019t appropriate. Rather, because the Court did not state that this was an exhaustive list of reasons why a provision contained in another document should not be incorporated, or that one of the five reasons it relied upon weighed more heavily than others in its decision, it raises the possibility that there will be more challenges to the enforceability of provisions incorporated by reference. Between us ducks I thought that the fact that Remedial\u2019s subcontract contained a litigation provision, when the prime contract contained an arbitration provision, was the most compelling reason. However, because the Court of Appeals did not assign a weight to any of its reasons, again, not that I think they needed to, it does raise the possibility that there will not only be more challenges to the enforceability of provisions incorporated by reference, but it raises the possibility that there will challenges based on a variety of reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    For general contractors, I think there are a few take-aways from the decision. First, make sure that your subcontract does not contain a dispute resolution clause that is inconsistent (i.e., litigation vs. arbitration) with a dispute resolution clause your prime contract. Second, I\u2019ve seen many incorporation clauses, like that in Remedial\u2019s subcontract, in which the subcontractor agrees to be bound to the general contractor in the same manner that the general contractor is bound to the owner with respect to the subcontractor\u2019s \u201cwork on the project.\u201d I\u2019ve always had a problem with that language, as it suggests that only work-related, not administration-related provisions, are incorporated by reference. That may be what you want. But if you don\u2019t, as AECOM didn\u2019t, you might want to include a more clearly expressed provision. Third, give thought to your \u201corder of precedence\u201d provisions. Not just in general, as in what document takes precedence over another, but whether you want the entirety of a document to take precedence over another or only certain provisions within that document. Yes, many construction contracts are already long, but clarity isn\u2019t always bedfellows of succinctness. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Garret Murai | California Construction Law Blog Subcontractors have gotten accustomed to incorporation clauses in their contracts. While an incorporation clause can incorporate any document, most typically, it\u2019s the prime contract between the general contractor and the project owner. Subcontractors will sometimes even accept these documents sight unseen which can be a recipe for disaster.… Continue reading Court of Appeals Finds Arbitration Provision Incorporated by Reference Unenforceable<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[41,9],"tags":[9895,9310,224,11525],"class_list":["post-899069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arbitration","category-construction-contracts","tag-advise-consult","tag-arbitration-provision","tag-construction-contract","tag-incorporation-clause","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nCourt of Appeals Finds Arbitration Provision Incorporated by Reference Unenforceable - 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