{"id":900962,"date":"2023-03-21T15:23:38","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T21:23:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=900962"},"modified":"2023-03-21T15:23:47","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T21:23:47","slug":"notice-abligation-actual-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Miguel Rodriguez | <a href=\"https:\/\/propertycasualtyfocus.com\/known-means-known-eleventh-circuit-requires-actual-knowledge-to-trigger-insureds-notice-obligation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">PropertyCasualtyFocus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cases.justia.com\/federal\/appellate-courts\/ca11\/22-10358\/22-10358-2023-01-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><em>Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Co. v. Brown\u2019s Clearing Inc.<\/em><\/a>, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an Alabama district court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/contractual-notice-provision-failure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">give notice<\/a> of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brown\u2019s Clearing, a tree clearing company, hired a subcontractor to clear trees along I-75 in Bartow, Georgia. In July 2018, Courtney Ford allegedly sustained injuries when a tree limb pierced the windshield of her vehicle while she was driving on I-75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Courtney Ford and her husband filed a negligence suit in Alabama state court against Gunnison Tree Specialists and Georgia Power, two other companies also working along I-75 at the time of the accident. On February 18, 2019, attorneys for Gunnison and Georgia Power emailed Brown\u2019s Clearing and requested documents. Brown\u2019s Clearing responded with information that confirmed where its equipment was on the date of Ford\u2019s accident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On May 10, 2019, the Fords amended their complaint to add Brown\u2019s Clearing as a defendant. Brown\u2019s Clearing\u2019s authorized agent for service of process, Registered Agents Inc., was served with the suit but was unable to deliver the documents to Brown\u2019s Clearing, despite several attempts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After Brown\u2019s Clearing failed to respond to the amended complaint, the Fords moved for entry of default judgment. On July 19, 2019, the Fords\u2019 attorney notified Brown\u2019s Clearing of the default motion via email and advised her to notify her insurance company. Brown\u2019s Clearing maintained that this email was its first notice of the negligence lawsuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seven days after receiving notice, Brown\u2019s Clearing filed an online claim with Frankenmuth, its commercial general liability and umbrella carrier. Frankenmuth then filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against Brown\u2019s Clearing, seeking a determination as to whether it had a duty to defend and indemnify Brown\u2019s Clearing in the underlying litigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The notice provision in Brown\u2019s Clearing\u2019s general liability policy required Brown\u2019s Clearing to \u201c[s]ee to it that [Frankenmuth] is notified as soon as practicable of an \u2018occurrence\u2019 \u2026 which may result in a claim.\u201d Similarly, the policy required Brown\u2019s Clearing to \u201c[n]otify [Frankenmuth] as soon as practicable\u201d if a \u201cclaim or \u2018suit\u2019 is brought against any insured.\u201d However, those conditions were breached only if Brown\u2019s Clearing failed to provide such notice when \u201can \u2018occurrence\u2019 is&nbsp;<em>known<\/em>&nbsp;to \u2026 [a]n executive officer,\u201d or when a \u201cclaim or \u2018suit\u2019 is&nbsp;<em>known<\/em>&nbsp;to \u2026 [a]n executive officer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dispute between the parties primarily revolved around the meaning of the word \u201cknown.\u201d The Alabama district court granted summary judgment for Brown\u2019s Clearing, ruling that no reasonable jury could determine that Brown\u2019s Clearing had \u201cknown\u201d of the accident in February 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Eleventh Circuit affirmed. According to the appellate court, \u201cFrankenmuth and Brown\u2019s Clearing were free to contract with the phrases \u2018should have known,\u2019 \u2018had reason to know,\u2019 or \u2018would be likely to have known,\u2019 but they did not \u2014 rather, they chose the term, \u2018known.\u2019\u201d The court noted that \u201cknown\u201d is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as \u201cto recognize, acknowledge, perceive [or to] become an object of knowledge.\u201d Based on this definition, the court found that \u201cknown\u201d required that an executive officer must have actual knowledge of the occurrence, claim, or suit to trigger the policy\u2019s notice requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Applying this plain meaning to the facts, the court held that Brown\u2019s Clearing did not have knowledge of the suit when its registered agent was served with the amended complaint. Because \u201cregistered agent\u201d was not listed along with \u201c[a]n executive officer or insurance manager,\u201d the court refused to impute the registered agent\u2019s knowledge to Brown\u2019s Clearing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, the court determined that Brown\u2019s Clearing did not have actual knowledge until July 19, 2019, and this date triggered Brown\u2019s Clearing\u2019s duty to provide notice to Frankenmuth. Because Brown\u2019s Clearing provided notice to Frankenmuth on July 26, 2019, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the district court\u2019s determination that Brown\u2019s Clearing gave notice as soon as practicable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Miguel Rodriguez | PropertyCasualtyFocus In\u00a0Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Co. v. Brown\u2019s Clearing Inc., the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an Alabama district court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit. Brown\u2019s Clearing, a tree clearing company, hired a subcontractor&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[10721],"tags":[9895,23,10627],"class_list":["post-900962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insurance","tag-advise-consult","tag-insurance-coverage","tag-notice-requirements","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Advise-Consult-Inc-126949043996790\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@adviseconsult\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@adviseconsult\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0a11abe008083d5fb19c2b0feefe7bd7\"},\"headline\":\"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\"},\"wordCount\":729,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Advise &amp; Consult\",\"insurance coverage\",\"Notice Requirements\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Insurance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\",\"name\":\"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00\",\"description\":\"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.\",\"description\":\"Construction Expert Witnesses\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Advise & Consult\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/AC-Red-Logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/AC-Red-Logo.png\",\"width\":162,\"height\":75,\"caption\":\"Advise & Consult\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Advise-Consult-Inc-126949043996790\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/adviseconsult\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company-beta\/204526\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MrConstructionExpert\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0a11abe008083d5fb19c2b0feefe7bd7\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b01e71b7acadd7657af782b7ad1a30cc?s=96&d=mm&r=pg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b01e71b7acadd7657af782b7ad1a30cc?s=96&d=mm&r=pg\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/www.expertwitnessinconstruction.com\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.","description":"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.","og_description":"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit","og_url":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/","og_site_name":"Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Advise-Consult-Inc-126949043996790\/","article_published_time":"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00","author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@adviseconsult","twitter_site":"@adviseconsult","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0a11abe008083d5fb19c2b0feefe7bd7"},"headline":"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation","datePublished":"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/"},"wordCount":729,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization"},"keywords":["Advise &amp; Consult","insurance coverage","Notice Requirements"],"articleSection":["Insurance"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/","url":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/","name":"Known Means Known: Eleventh Circuit Requires Actual Knowledge to Trigger Insured\u2019s Notice Obligation - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-03-21T21:23:38+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-21T21:23:47+00:00","description":"court\u2019s ruling that the insured was not required to give notice of an underlying lawsuit until the insured had actual knowledge of the suit","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/notice-abligation-actual-knowledge\/"]}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/","name":"Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.","description":"Construction Expert Witnesses","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Advise & Consult","url":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/AC-Red-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/AC-Red-Logo.png","width":162,"height":75,"caption":"Advise & Consult"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Advise-Consult-Inc-126949043996790\/","https:\/\/x.com\/adviseconsult","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company-beta\/204526\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MrConstructionExpert"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0a11abe008083d5fb19c2b0feefe7bd7","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b01e71b7acadd7657af782b7ad1a30cc?s=96&d=mm&r=pg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b01e71b7acadd7657af782b7ad1a30cc?s=96&d=mm&r=pg","caption":"admin"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.expertwitnessinconstruction.com"]}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2ztG6-3MnE","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900962","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=900962"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900962\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":900963,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900962\/revisions\/900963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=900962"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=900962"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=900962"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}