{"id":901426,"date":"2023-07-20T10:41:07","date_gmt":"2023-07-20T16:41:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=901426"},"modified":"2023-07-19T10:47:28","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T16:47:28","slug":"consequential-damages-lost-profits-may-or-may-not-be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/consequential-damages-lost-profits-may-or-may-not-be\/","title":{"rendered":"Lost Profits May or May Not be Consequential Damages"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Glenn D. West | <a href=\"https:\/\/privateequity.weil.com\/glenn-west-musings\/lost-profits-may-or-may-not-be-consequential-damages\/#page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Global Private Equity Watch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some drafting lessons seem to require constant relearning. And that is no more the case than in drafting the ubiquitous \u201cconsequential damages\u201d waiver. Although there are many reasons to avoid the use of the term \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/consequential-damages-construction-contract-exclusion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">consequential damages<\/a>\u201d altogether, if you are going to use the term in a clause purporting to exclude a list of damages types, with the term \u201cconsequential damages\u201d as an additional catch-all exclusion (as opposed to a limitation on the other listed exclusions), it is important to use it correctly. A case decided earlier this year by a Federal District Court,\u00a0<em>Endless River Technologies LLC v. Trans Union LLC<\/em>, 2023 WL 24101 (N.D. Ohio Jan, 3, 2023), is a helpful example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Endless River<\/em>&nbsp;involved, among other issues, an appeal from a jury verdict awarding $18.3 million in lost profits allegedly arising from a breach of a development agreement. The defaulting party did not dispute that it had breached the agreement, but instead claimed that, by the terms of the development agreement, the lost profits awarded by the jury were contractually barred. The damages waiver in the development agreement provided:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR<\/em><\/strong>, AND BOTH [TRANS UNION] AND [ENDLESS RIVER] HEREBY WAIVE AS TO THE OTHER PARTY,&nbsp;<strong><em>ANY CONSEQUENTIAL<\/em><\/strong>, INCIDENTAL,&nbsp;<strong><em>INDIRECT<\/em><\/strong>, SPECIAL OR PUNITIVE&nbsp;<strong><em>DAMAGES<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;INCURRED BY THE OTHER PARTY AND ARISING OUT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THIS CONTRACT,&nbsp;<strong><em>INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;LOSS OF GOOD WILL AND&nbsp;<strong><em>LOST PROFITS OR REVENUE<\/em><\/strong>, WHETHER OR NOT SUCH LOSS OF DAMAGES IS BASED IN CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, INDEMNITY, OR OTHERWISE EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THESE LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OR ANY LIMITED REMEDY.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the court, and as apparently recognized by both parties, this provision did not waive all lost profits, but instead only waived lost profits that otherwise constituted consequential damages. The inclusion of \u201clost profits\u201d following the \u201cincluding but not limited to\u201d listing of examples of the categories of damages excluded by excluding \u201cany consequential, incidental, indirect, special or punitive damages\u201d was apparently just that, an example of the types of losses that the exclusion of the broader excluded damages categories may include. In other words, lost profits was not an independently excluded category of damages. Thus, in order to determine whether the lost profits awarded to the non-defaulting party here were precluded by the excluded damages provision, the court had to first determine whether those lost profits were in fact \u201cconsequential damages.\u201d<sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp;After all, not all lost profits are in fact consequential damages, and consequential damages are not limited to just lost profits.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court then proceeded to discuss the traditional distinction between direct or general damages, which were clearly not precluded by the excluded damages provision, and consequential or special damages, which clearly were precluded. That traditional distinction arises from the two limbs of&nbsp;<em>Hadley v. Baxendale.<\/em><sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;According to the court, direct or general damages are those \u201carising naturally and usually from the breach\u201d and which are \u201cutterly foreseeable\u201d because they always arise from any breach of any similar contract. In contrast, consequential damages do not invariable result from a breach of a similar agreement and arise because of the special circumstances of the non-breaching party. And because all damages must be foreseeable at the time of contracting to be recoverable, consequential or special damages require that the prospect of such non-normative damages be made known to the other party at the time of contracting. But the court then equates consequential damages with \u201cindirect damages\u201d by stating also that \u201c[c]onsequential damages require proof of an additional \u2018link in the causal chain\u2019 in order to connect the damages to the contract.\u201d Because \u201cindirect damages\u201d were in fact independently excluded by the damages waiver provision, that probably doesn\u2019t matter. But it nevertheless illustrates the continued uncertain meaning of the term consequential damages.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court ultimately determined that the lost profits awarded by the jury here were in fact consequential damages because they had not \u201cformed the very basis\u201d of the development agreement terms that had been breached and would presumably therefore not invariably result from a breach. The lost profits here were instead based upon future transactions with third parties that were not in existence at the time the agreement was entered into. Had the damages waiver independently excluded \u201cdamages based upon lost profits of any kind,\u201d the court could have presumably made very short work of this and not been required to delve into the confusing issue of what does and does not constitute consequential damages.<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>__________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1&nbsp;<em>See<\/em>&nbsp;Glenn D. West,&nbsp;<em>Consequential Damages Redux: An Updated Study of the Ubiquitous and Problematic \u201cExcluded Losses\u201d Provision in Private Company Acquisition Agreements<\/em>, 70 Bus. Law. 971, 974 n.15 (2015). The court doesn\u2019t really explain why the other specifically excluded damages types were not relevant\u2014<em>i.e.<\/em>, \u201cincidental, indirect, special or punitive damages.\u201d But (a) lost profits are not \u201cpunitive damages,\u201d (b) \u201cspecial damages\u201d are just a synonym for consequential damages, (c) although \u201cindirect damages\u201d are not a synonym for consequential damages, many courts treat them as if they were, and (d) \u201cincidental damages\u201d are typically limited to costs incurred in mitigating the damages that would otherwise occur.&nbsp;<em>See<\/em>&nbsp;Glenn D. West &amp; Sara G. Duran,&nbsp;<em>Reassessing the \u201cConsequences\u201d of Consequential Damage Waivers in Acquisition Agreements<\/em>, 63 Bus. Law. 777, 789-90 (2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 For a famous New York case determining that certain lost profits were direct damages rather than consequential damages&nbsp;<em>see<\/em>&nbsp;Biotronic AG v. Conor Medsystems Ireland Ltd<em>.<\/em>, 11 N.E.3d 676 (N.Y. 2014),&nbsp;<em>discussed in<\/em>&nbsp;West,&nbsp;<em>supra<\/em>&nbsp;note 1, at 991-92.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3&nbsp;<em>See<\/em>&nbsp;Glenn West,&nbsp;<em>Do You Really Know What \u201cConsequential Damages\u201d Means?,&nbsp;<\/em>Weil\u2019s Global Private Equity Watch, May 18, 2020, available&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y7tzhu9z\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 The uncertain meaning of consequential damages is the reason this author has repeatedly called for the term to be stricken from the M&amp;A deal lexicon.\u00a0<em>See<\/em>\u00a0Glenn West,\u00a0<em>Excluded Loss Provisions and the Danger of Contractually Slaying Mythical Dragons<\/em>, Weil\u2019s Global Private Equity Watch, December 13, 2021, available\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/35c3bbdt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">here<\/a>. For supply, development and construction contracts there is much more of a reason to use the term than in the M&amp;A context, but even then it should be used with caution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5\u00a0<em>See e.g.<\/em>, Hope International Hospice, Inc. v. Net Health Systems, Inc., 2023 WL 2433642 (D. Utah March 9, 2023)( \u201c[Net\u00a0Health] shall not be liable for any special, incidental, indirect, punitive, or consequential damages or for the loss of profit [or] revenue \u2026 arising out of the subject matter of this agreement.\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glenn D. West | Global Private Equity Watch Some drafting lessons seem to require constant relearning. And that is no more the case than in drafting the ubiquitous \u201cconsequential damages\u201d waiver. Although there are many reasons to avoid the use of the term \u201cconsequential damages\u201d altogether, if you are going to use the term in&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/consequential-damages-lost-profits-may-or-may-not-be\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Lost Profits May or May Not be Consequential Damages<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[9],"tags":[9895,9099,224],"class_list":["post-901426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construction-contracts","tag-advise-consult","tag-consequential-damages","tag-construction-contract","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Lost Profits May or May Not be Consequential Damages - Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Some drafting lessons seem to require constant relearning. 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