{"id":902593,"date":"2024-04-25T09:33:17","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:33:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=902593"},"modified":"2024-04-25T09:33:22","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:33:22","slug":"differing-site-conditions-timing-matters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/differing-site-conditions-timing-matters\/","title":{"rendered":"Timing Matters for Differing Site Conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Stephanie Snyder-Zuasnabar | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasconstructionlawblog.com\/2024\/04\/differing-site-conditions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Gray Reed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many construction contracts contain some version of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/differing-site-conditions-superior-knowledge\/\">differing site conditions<\/a>\u201d clause. AIA\u2019s A201 general conditions, as well as in the EJCDC equivalent, contains a changed site condition clause. It also appears in most state DOT specifications and federal government construction contracts. Generally, this provision provides for a change order (subject to procedural compliance) when the contractor encounters (i) subsurface or other concealed conditions that differ materially from the conditions indicated by the contract documents or (ii) unknown physical conditions of an unusual nature differing materially from those ordinarily encountered and recognized as inherent to the work provided for in the contract documents. But, as they say, \u201ctiming is everything.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In&nbsp;<em>Olym\u00adpus Corp. v. United States<\/em>, 98 F.3d 1314 (Fed. Cir. 1996), the United States Federal Circuit Court of Appeals decided that delays caused by a govern\u00adment caused hazardous materi\u00adals spill are not compensable under the federal Differing Site Condi\u00adtions clause. The court reasoned that to be con\u00adsidered a differing site con\u00addition, the condition must exist at the time the contract was formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Olympus entered into a fixed price contract with the United States to pave the plant yards at the Stratford Army Engine Plant located in Strat\u00adford, Connecticut. The contract contained a standard Differing Site Conditions clause (as required by the Federal Acquisition Regulation, 48 C.F.R. \u00a7 52.236-3 (1995)) which provided, in part, for an equitable adjustment, upon notice of \u201csubsurface or latent physical conditions at the site which differ materially from those indicated in [the] contract.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The plant site was man\u00adaged under a separate contract be\u00ad\u00ad\u00adtween the United States and Tex\u00adtron Lycoming.&nbsp; Short\u00adly after receiving its Notice to Pro\u00adceed, Tex\u00adtron cut open an oil pipe in the plant yard that caused a spill that contaminated soil in the yard and prevented Olympus from paving. The clean-up effort delayed Olympus, so Olympus sought additional compensation under the Differing Site Conditions clause. After rejecting an offer of additional compensation as inadequate, Olympus filed suit in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims (Olympus had an additional claim for delay caused by a strike of Textron employees). That court found, in part, the Differing Site Conditions Clause only provided com\u00adpensation for delays caused by conditions which existed at the time the contract was formed.&nbsp;Olym\u00adpus ap\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00adpealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Court first focused on the purpose of the Differing Site Conditions clause, explaining its historical use to shift risk to the government of adverse subsurface or latent physical conditions that would be normally born by the contractor in a fixed price contract.&nbsp;Through inclusion of the clause, the government encourages \u201cmore accurate bidding\u201d<br>by discouraging contractors from including con\u00adtingencies in their bids to cover the risk of differing site conditions.&nbsp;However, according to the Court, the clause only shifts those risks which are consistent with the policy of the clause \u2014 encouraging more accurate bidding.&nbsp;But, it does not shift the risk of all unanticipated conditions.&nbsp;As such, the Court implied the clause did not operate to transfer the risk of nonexistent conditions since such conditions do not affect the accuracy of bidding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, the Court explained that its \u201cprecedent has long imposed a temporal limitation on the applicability of the Differing Site Conditions clause.\u201d Particularly, it cited&nbsp;<em>John McShain, Inc. v. United States<\/em>, 179 Ct. Cl. 632, 375 F.2d 829 (1967) and&nbsp;<em>Arundel Corp. v. United States<\/em>, 96 Ct. Cl. 77 (1942) for the prop\u00adosition that for \u201chalf a century,\u201d federal courts have interpreted the clause as not applying to conditions which \u201ccome into being only after the contract has been executed or the work commenced.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, the Court dismissed Olympus\u2019s argument that there was no express provision in the clause that limited its operation to conditions existing at execution of the contract. Olym\u00adpus specifically argued that adoption of the government\u2019s interpretation inappropriately gave effect to the government\u2019s \u201csubjective intent\u201d over the clear terms of the contract. The Court acknowl\u00adedged its obligation to interpret the contract according to its \u201cordi\u00adnary and commonly ac\u00ad\u00ad\u00adcepted meaning.\u201d However, the Court also stated it was obliged to inter\u00adpret the contract from the per\u00adspective of a \u201creasonable and prudent contractor\u201d and is bound by precedent. Based on precedent,&nbsp;<strong>the court found a \u201creasonable and prudent con\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00adtractor\u2026would have been familiar with the long-stand\u00ading limitation on a Differing Site Conditions clause to con\u00additions existing when the con\u00adtract was executed.\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp; Since the soil was not contaminated by the oil spill at the time of execution of the contract, the Court rejected Olympus\u2019s claim in its entirety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Comment<\/u><\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Olympus&nbsp;<\/em>is still good law.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>See Extreme Coatings, Inc. v. United&nbsp;States<\/em>, 109 Fed. Cl. 450 (2013). However,&nbsp;<em>Olympus&nbsp;<\/em>only discussed com\u00adpensability under the fed\u00aderal Differing Site Conditions Clause. Other avenues may well have been available for recovery of the damages caus\u00aded by the spill, including change, breach of warranty, suspension of work, and\/or breach of duty not to hinder or delay. The Court even implied as much.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A case awarding compen\u00adsation to the Contractor under similar circumstances but using a different theory&nbsp;is<em>&nbsp;Shea v.&nbsp; City of Los Angeles,<\/em>&nbsp;6 Cal.&nbsp; App. 2d 534, 45 P.2d 221 (1935). There, the contractor sought costs of extra work created when a sewer leaked into a drain\u00adage excavation.&nbsp;The leak caused flooding of the excava\u00adtion and its collapse.&nbsp;The con\u00adtract purported to place the risk of \u201cany unforeseen obstruction or difficulties, either natural or artificial, which may be en\u00adcountered in the pro\u00adsecution of the work\u2026on the Contractor.\u201d The court found, however, that \u201cthe contract did not contem\u00adplate that [the Contractor] should bear the burden of the city\u2019s negligence in doing or permitting acts which would constitute an obstacle to the [Contractor\u2019s] fulfilling the obligations imposed by the Con\u00ad\u00adtract.\u201d Similar logic ap\u00adplies to the oil spill encoun\u00adtered by&nbsp;Olym\u00adpus.&nbsp;The gov\u00adernment should not have per\u00admitted activities which would jeopardize Olym\u00adpus\u2019 ability to perform the work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is unclear why other the\u00adories were not before the&nbsp;<em>Olym\u00adpus<\/em>&nbsp;court. The court hinted that it considered the actions of the plant manager, Textron, as the actions of a third-party for whom the govern\u00adment was not responsible.&nbsp; Such an argument may have affected the trial court\u2019s ruling on the other possible theories, if such theories were before the court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More significantly, how\u00adever, the Appellate Court seemed to ignore the fact that Textron was acting in its ca\u00adpacity as a separate govern\u00adment contractor. As such, the government should have had some sort of duty to coordinate Tex\u00adtron and Olympus\u2019 work such that Textron did not inter\u00adfere with Olympus. The government could better control Textron and its perfor\u00admance than Olympus. It follows that the government could more easily bear the risk of damages caused by Textron\u2019s actions. Many government contracts are indeed written to place risks on the shoulders of the party best able to control them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to fairly allocate risks, many state and local gov\u00adernment contracts, as well as private ones, now place the risk of unforeseen hazardous conditions on the government (or owner in the private context). We have seen this ac\u00adcomplished in a separate con\u00adtract clause or via modifica\u00adtions to standard differing site conditions clauses.\u00a0\u00a0<em>Absent such a modification or reallo\u00adcation of risk, \u201creasonable and prudent contractors\u201d need be aware that while the govern\u00adment may shoulder the burden of hazardous conditions at a work site which exist prior to contract formation under the traditional Differing Site Con\u00additions clause, as interpreted by the Federal Circuit, that clause does not place the risk of unforeseen subsurface or la\u00adtent physical conditions created after contract formation. That is a harder, but not unwinnable, argument dependent on the contract language and circumstances of the case.\u00a0Contractors also should also pay close attention to notice requirements contained in changed conditions clauses that may impact their ability to recover.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stephanie Snyder-Zuasnabar | Gray Reed Many construction contracts contain some version of a \u201cdiffering site conditions\u201d clause. AIA\u2019s A201 general conditions, as well as in the EJCDC equivalent, contains a changed site condition clause. It also appears in most state DOT specifications and federal government construction contracts. Generally, this provision provides for a change order&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/differing-site-conditions-timing-matters\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Timing Matters for Differing Site Conditions<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[14,9],"tags":[9895,224,8994],"class_list":["post-902593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construction-2","category-construction-contracts","tag-advise-consult","tag-construction-contract","tag-differing-site-conditions","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Timing Matters for Differing Site Conditions - Advise &amp; 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