{"id":902816,"date":"2024-06-11T14:52:20","date_gmt":"2024-06-11T20:52:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=902816"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:52:23","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T20:52:23","slug":"payment-subcontractor-performed-contractor-paid-hacker-took-money-who-is-responsible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/payment-subcontractor-performed-contractor-paid-hacker-took-money-who-is-responsible\/","title":{"rendered":"The Subcontractor Performed. The Prime Contractor Paid. But a Hacker Ended Up with the Money. Who Is Responsible?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Paul Debolt, Christopher Griesedieck Jr. and David Smith | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.venable.com\/insights\/publications\/2024\/06\/the-subcontractor-performed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Venable<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When hackers gain access to a subcontractor\u2019s information systems and divert the prime contractor\u2019s payment to themselves instead of to the subcontractor, does the prime contractor still have to pay the subcontractor? A recent decision from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Maryland held that \u201cabsent express, bargained-for limitations on liability,\u201d failure to pay a subcontractor when a subcontractor has fulfilled all work and billing requirements constitutes a breach of contract, and the prime contractor must pay damages that result from the breach. In this case, that was true, even assuming the subcontractor was responsible for its systems being hacked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What was the case about?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Jay Worch Electric, LLC (JWE) sued Pontiac Drywall Systems, Inc. (PDSI) and its surety Atlantic Specialty Insurance Company (ASIC) for breach of contract and for payment under the Miller Act.&nbsp;<em>See United States for the Use and Benefit of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Jay Worch Electric, LLC v. Atlantic Specialty Insurance Company et al.<\/em>, No. 8:20220-CV-02420 (D. Md. May. 21, 2024). JWE was the subcontractor and PDSI was the prime contractor on a project to install lighting at a parking lot on the Naval Air Station in Patuxent River, Maryland. JWE sought summary judgment on both of its claims, arguing that there was no genuine dispute that PDSI had breached the subcontract by failing to pay for work JWE performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Importantly, the court noted that the subcontract \u201cdid not address the&nbsp;<em>how<\/em>&nbsp;PDSI would make payment to JWE. That is, the Subcontract was silent on to whom the payment would be directed and on the relative responsibility for payment if PDSI\u2019s efforts to pay were thwarted, whether by error, inadvertence, or third-party interference\u201d (emphasis in original).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JWE\u2019s president invoiced PDSI for work performed from his corporate email account, and PDSI confirmed that it would pay JWE for the work. PDSI then received an email from an account that was nearly identical to that of JWE\u2019s president, including an identical signature block. But there was one small difference: the email address ended in \u201c.net\u201d instead of \u201c.com.\u201d While neither party realized it at the time, JWE had been hacked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The hacker\u2019s email stated that JWE\u2019s primary bank account was \u201cunder review\u201d and directed PDSI to render payment instead to a separate \u201cCorporate account via ACH only.\u201d The same process repeated itself after JWE\u2019s president sent a revised invoice from his correct .com email: the hacker sent another message from the .net email (this time, PDSI had no record of even receiving the .com email). After several similar exchanges, PDSI ultimately mailed a check to an address provided by the hacker. JWE never received the payment. The court noted that \u201cthe bank appears to have frozen the assets in connection with an investigation into the fraudulent activities behind the .net addressee.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What did the prime contractor and subcontractor argue to the court?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In its motion for summary judgment, JWE argued that the subcontract required payment because JWE had performed and presented a proper invoice. It denied responsibility for the hacker\u2019s diversion of funds. Thus, JWE was entitled to judgment because of PDSI\u2019s failure to pay the undisputed subcontract balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response, PDSI admitted that JWE had not received the payment. PDSI alleged, however, it was not at fault because JWE had neglected to have proper cybersecurity protocols in place and PDSI should not be held responsible for JWE\u2019s failure to secure its own computer systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How did the court rule?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The court held in favor of JWE and granted it summary judgment. Neither party disputed that JWE carried out the required work per the subcontract\u2019s terms. Nor did either party dispute that PDSI failed to pay JWE the amount due. Because the plain and unambiguous terms of the subcontract compelled payment, and PDSI had not paid JWE, PDSI breached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Responding to PDSI\u2019s claim that it was not at fault for JWE\u2019s having been hacked, the court explained that, even if \u201cJWE\u2019s own substandard internet security led to the hack, this alone does not excuse PDSI from its contractual obligations.\u201d Quoting the Restatement of Contracts and prior precedent, the court reasoned that, \u201c[a]s a rule, \u2018contract liability is strict liability;\u2019 once parties agree to terms of performance under a contract, the parties must fulfill those terms or be liable for damages arising from the breach.\u201d Here, the \u201cplain and unambiguous\u201d terms in the subcontract required PDSI to pay JWE upon the latter\u2019s performance and proper billing, which were undisputed. As there were no other obligations that JWE was required to comply with, PDSI must pay JWE what JWE is entitled to receive. The court concluded that, if PDSI had wished to protect itself from a situation like this, it should have done so when it drafted the contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court noted in a footnote that in \u201cextraordinary circumstances, it may exercise its equitable powers to relieve the performing party from its duties under a contract.\u201d However, PDSI did not seek equitable relief in this case, and the court saw no basis to exercise it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why is this case important, and what are the takeaways?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This case highlights the importance of considering and allocating the ever-growing risks of cybersecurity incidents at all levels of the supply chain. Standard Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and Defense FAR Supplement (DFARS) clauses contain some relevant requirements, but planning to comply with and flow down those clauses may not be enough to address worst-case scenarios like the one highlighted in this case.&nbsp;<em>See, e.g.<\/em>, FAR 52.204-21 (basic safeguarding requirements); FAR 52.204-28 (new supply chain orders program); DFARS 252.204-7012 (Department of Defense safeguarding requirements); DFARS 252.204-7021 (new Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Level program).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cybersecurity threats can pose risks not only to government clients, but to subcontractors and commercial clients as well. Contractors should be aware that even if another party may be at fault for security and data breaches that prevent the receipt of payment, these incidents will not discharge their payment obligation. This case highlights the importance of including payment terms in subcontracts, including regarding the specifics of how payments will be made, where payments will be made, to whom they will be made, and who bears responsibility if a company\u2019s system is hacked and thereby causes a payment to be stolen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paul Debolt, Christopher Griesedieck Jr. and David Smith | Venable When hackers gain access to a subcontractor\u2019s information systems and divert the prime contractor\u2019s payment to themselves instead of to the subcontractor, does the prime contractor still have to pay the subcontractor? A recent decision from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/payment-subcontractor-performed-contractor-paid-hacker-took-money-who-is-responsible\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The Subcontractor Performed. The Prime Contractor Paid. But a Hacker Ended Up with the Money. Who Is Responsible?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[14],"tags":[9895,203],"class_list":["post-902816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construction-2","tag-advise-consult","tag-building-construction-payments","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Subcontractor Performed. 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