{"id":902819,"date":"2024-06-11T15:04:26","date_gmt":"2024-06-11T21:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=902819"},"modified":"2024-06-11T15:04:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T21:04:29","slug":"litigation-privilege-construction-contractor-mean-tweets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/litigation-privilege-construction-contractor-mean-tweets\/","title":{"rendered":"Construction Contractor \u201cMean Tweets\u201d\u00a0Edition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Garret Murai | <a href=\"https:\/\/calconstructionlawblog.com\/2024\/05\/13\/construction-contractor-mean-tweets-edition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">California Construction Law Blog<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Back in the day, if someone had a problem with you the rules of school yard jungle dictated that they had better tell it to your face or you had the right to call them out on it. That, of course, was back then. These days, with social media seemingly everywhere (<em>e.g.<\/em>, Yelp, Twitter, Facebook, etc.), if someone has a problem with you they tell you . . . as well as the rest of the world . . . to your digital face. Jimmy Kimmel has even made it a \u201cthing\u201d with his celebrity \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LABGimhsEys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Mean Tweets<\/a>\u201d segments.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_case?case=17216595448662932386&amp;q=Paglia+%26+Associates+Construction+v.+Hamilton&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=4,5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><em>Paglia &amp; Associates Construction, Inc. v. Hamilton<\/em><\/a>, 98 Cal.App.5th 318 (2023), homeowner Vanessa Hamilton was sued by her contractor Paglia &amp; Associates Construction, Inc. doing business as Protech Construction after she posted critical comments to her blog and on Yelp about work performed by Paglia at her home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Paglia Case<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In or about 2016, after a tree fell on her house, Hamilton\u2019s insurer, Safeco, recommended Paglia to perform the repairs. Paglia and Hamilton entered into a repair contract in 2016 but Paglia did not finish the work until sometime in 2017 claiming that the repair was extensive because Hamilton\u2019s circa 1923 home was in poor condition and current building codes required extensive reconstruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hamilton, unhappy with the work performed by Paglia, filed a complaint with the Contractors State License Board claiming that Paglia failed to level the front and back yards, failed to install attic vents, and failed to provide a proper driveway width.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beginning in 2019 and continuing through 2021, Hamilton made critical remarks of Paglia on her blog and on Yelp. These included comments such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c[T]urned my life upside down. . . . Paglia committed \u2018hard fraud\u2019 in that he destroyed undamaged structures. He also submitted a different set of plans to Public Works in order to get a rebuild permit that he misused to build this piece of junk structure that stands in place of my 1923 Rambler cottage . . .\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cLessons learned from Protech Protech is Deceptive and Threatening Lesson #1 Contractors and Insurance Adjusters maintain confidential relationships that exclude the consumer. . . . This structure is all laminate and used goods that came from other projects Protech was working on in the area. Protech left me with no owners manuals, warranties, or receipts, but they took money that I did not authorize[] they be paid. Lesson #4 Never use[] a contractor from Protech.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2021, Paglia sued Hamilton for libel per se alleging that Hamilton\u2019s blog posts and Yelp postings were false and defamatory. Paglia\u2019s complaint identified more than 20 statements it claimed constituted libel. In response, Hamilton filed a special motion to strike seeking to strike Paglia\u2019s complaint in its entirety. The trial court denied Hamilton\u2019s motion and Hamilton appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Appeal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Hamilton\u2019s special motion to strike is also known as an anti-SLAPP motion. \u201cSLAPP\u201d stands for Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, and the essence of an anti-SLAPP motion is that a lawsuit seeks to chill free speech and that it should be dismissed because it is a strategic lawsuit against public participation in free speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anti-SLAPP motions are governed under Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 and involves a two-step process. First, the party claiming that his or her free speech rights are being chilled, must establish that the challenged allegations or claims arise from \u201cprotected activity.\u201d Second, for each claim that arises from protected activity, the party bringing the claim must show that the claim has at least \u201cminimal merit.\u201d &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2nd District Court of Appeal focused on the second step of the process, namely, whether Paglia demonstrated a probability of success. In this \u201csummary-judgment-like process,\u201d explained the Court,:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>[C]ourts do not weigh evidence or resolve conflicting factual claims. Instead they evaluate whether plaintiffs like Paglia have produced evidence to support legally sufficient claims. Accepting that evidence as true, courts decide whether the motion defeats the plaintiff\u2019s claims as a matter of law. The motion fails if the lawsuit has minimal merit. Appellate review is independent.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, explained the Court of Appeal, \u201cPaglia sued Hamilton for libel. Libel is a false and unprivileged written publication tending to injure a victim\u2019s occupation. (Civ. Code, \u00a7 45.) Libel is per se when the words require no explanation and thus are actionable without a showing of special damages,\u201d and here held the Court, \u201c[a] customer\u2019s false public statement that her contractor committed \u201chard fraud\u201d is libel as a prima facie matter, for that statement would tend to injure the contractor\u2019s occupation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Hamilton, focusing on the fact that she had filed a complaint with the CSLB, argued that Paglia had failed to establish that its case had minimal merit because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The litigation privilege protected her;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paglia\u2019s complaint did not allege Hamilton\u2019s statements were unprivileged;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Her statements were true; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Her statements were merely her opinions, which are inactionable.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>As to Hamilton\u2019s claim that the litigation privilege protected her, the Court of Appeal explained that Civil Code section 47 provides that \u201c[a] privileged publication or broadcast is one made: (a) In the proper discharge of an official duty [or] (b) In any (1) legislative proceeding, (2) judicial proceeding, (3) in any other&nbsp;<em>official proceeding authorized by law, . . . .<\/em>\u201d (Italics added.). The litigation privilege, explained the Court, \u201capplies to any communication made in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings by litigants or other participants to achieve the objects of litigation that has some connection or logical relation to the action.\u201d &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, however, held the Court of Appeal, Hamilton\u2019s blog posts and Yelp postings \u201cwere not letters to board officials asking them to investigate Paglia. They were not filings with the contractor\u2019s board. They were not messages between counsel or parties in the course of litigation.\u201d Rather, held the Court, \u201cHamilton\u2019s posts were merely public denunciations of Paglia[,] \u201c[s]ome did not mention the contractors board at all\u201d[,] and \u201c[t]hose that did simply aired Hamilton\u2019s dissatisfaction with Paglia.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As to Hamilton\u2019s claim that Paglia\u2019s complaint did not allege Hamilton\u2019s statements were unprivileged, the Court of Appeal explained that Paglia\u2019s complaint did not need to allege that Hamilton\u2019s statements were not privileged since \u201cprivilege is an&nbsp;<em>affirmative defense<\/em>&nbsp;which must be pleaded in the&nbsp;<em>answer<\/em>[,]\u201d not a claim that must be affirmatively alleged in a complaint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As to Hamilton\u2019s claim that her statements were true, the Court of Appeal explained that when considering anti-SLAPP motions, courts consider a plaintiff\u2019s evidence as true, and here \u201cPaglia\u2019s evidence established that he committed no fraud and that building codes required him to do extensive work on Hamilton\u2019s old house beyond simply fixing the tree damage. Hamilton made no evidentiary reply to Paglia.\u201d \u201cIn sum,\u201d held the Court, \u201cthe facts showed Paglia did his work, not for a fraudulent reason, but to comply with building codes. For purposes of evaluating Hamilton\u2019s special motion to strike, her posting was untrue.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, as to Hamilton\u2019s claim that her statements were merely her opinions, which are inactionable, the Court of Appeals explained that \u201cthe dispositive question is whether a reasonable fact finder could conclude the statement declares or implies a provably false assertion of fact.\u201d And, here, held the Court, \u201c[a] fact finder could conclude Hamilton\u2019s statement announced a fact. Whether the destruction of structures was needless and fraudulent, or whether modern building codes compelled this work, is a matter that can be proven or disproven.\u201d &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>So, there you have it, the litigation privilege applies to communications made \u201cin\u201d judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings not to statements made for the consumption of the general public. Further, when considering an anti-SLAPP motion, courts do not weigh the evidence, and accept as true the allegations contained in a lawsuit against which an anti-SLAPP motion is filed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Garret Murai | California Construction Law Blog Back in the day, if someone had a problem with you the rules of school yard jungle dictated that they had better tell it to your face or you had the right to call them out on it. That, of course, was back then. These days, with social&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/litigation-privilege-construction-contractor-mean-tweets\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Construction Contractor \u201cMean Tweets\u201d\u00a0Edition<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[172],"tags":[9895,27,11368],"class_list":["post-902819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construction-law-2","tag-advise-consult","tag-construction-law","tag-litigation-privilege","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Construction Contractor \u201cMean Tweets\u201d\u00a0Edition - Advise &amp; 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