{"id":904897,"date":"2025-10-10T15:42:25","date_gmt":"2025-10-10T21:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=904897"},"modified":"2025-10-10T15:42:31","modified_gmt":"2025-10-10T21:42:31","slug":"related-claims-federal-court-weigh-in-when-claims-are-related","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/related-claims-federal-court-weigh-in-when-claims-are-related\/","title":{"rendered":"Jurisdictional Conflict Over \u201cRelated Claims\u201d: Montana Federal Court Latest to Weigh in on When Claims Are Related"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Geoffrey B. Fehling and Joseph T. Niczky | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunton.com\/hunton-insurance-recovery-blog\/jurisdictional-conflict-over-related-claims-montana-federal-court-latest-to-weigh-in-on-when-claims-are-related\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Hunton Insurance Recovery Blog<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunton.com\/hunton-insurance-recovery-blog\/assets\/htmldocuments\/Boyne%20v.%20Federal%20Insurance-Publicly%20Available%202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">recent decision in federal court in Montana<\/a>\u00a0provides another example of different standards applied to assessing \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/claims-made-liability-related-claims-provisions\/\">related claims<\/a>\u201d under directors and officers (D&amp;O) liability insurance policies. In this instance, the district court found that two class action lawsuits were related because they involved the same \u201cgeneral course of conduct.\u201d Because the two claims were related, they were treated as a single claim first made in an earlier policy period. As a result, the Montana policyholder lost out on $5 million in potential coverage under a second policy in place when the second claim was asserted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A typical claims-made liability policy covers claims first made against the policyholder during the policy period. However, if two claims are \u201crelated,\u201d they are considered a single claim that was first made at the time of the earlier claim, even if the second claim was made during a subsequent policy period. Most policies use very broad and amorphous \u201crelated\u201d claim definitions and provisions, leaving courts to fill in gaps when asked to assess relatedness. Given the material differences in state common law, states have taken very different, and at times seemingly conflicting, approaches, so whether two seemingly similar claims are in fact related often depends on what state\u2019s law governs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Case Background<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In&nbsp;<em>Boyne USA, Inc. v. Federal Insurance Co.<\/em>, No. CV 24-70-H-TJC (D. Mont.), Boyne was a defendant in two class actions and sought coverage from its insurer. Boyne is a property developer and rental manager. The first class action filed in 2021 alleged that Boyne forced property owners at a Montana condominium it developed to exclusively use Boyne as a rental manager. The second class action, filed three years later, made similar allegations in connection with three condominiums in Michigan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the time of both lawsuits, Boyne was insured under a D&amp;O policy. Both policies contained a clause that provided that all \u201crelated claims\u201d would be deemed a single claim made during the policy period that the first claim was made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The policies defined \u201crelated claims\u201d using fairly typical language: \u201cRelated Claims means all Claims for Wrongful Acts based upon, arising from, or in consequence of the same or related facts, circumstances, situations, transactions or events or the same or related series of facts, circumstances, situations, transactions or events.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both the 2021 policy and the 2024 policy had $5 million limits of liability. This meant that, if the two lawsuits were related, they were subject to a single $5 million limit. But if they were not related, Boyne would be entitled to up to $10 million in coverage. The insurer moved for summary judgment that the claims were related and that it only had to provide a maximum of $5 million in coverage under a single policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Court\u2019s Decision<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The federal district court agreed with the insurer. The court first noted that the Montana Supreme Court had never addressed the meaning of \u201crelated claims,\u201d so it would need to make an&nbsp;<em>Erie<\/em>&nbsp;guess. The court then rejected Boyne\u2019s argument that \u201crelated claims\u201d was ambiguous, agreeing with the majority of courts that have considered that argument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citing a bankruptcy court in Delaware and federal courts in Illinois and California, the district court determined that two claims were related if they involved a \u201csingle course of conduct.\u201d The court noted that two claims can be related \u201ceven if they allege different types of causes of action and arise from different acts.\u201d The fact that the claims were brought by different plaintiffs in different states alleging different legal theories does not automatically mean the claims are not related.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court found that the two claims were related because \u201cBoyne\u2019s mandatory rental management program is at the center of both lawsuits.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In support of its finding, the court pointed out that many of the allegations in the two complaints were nearly identical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There were some differences between the two complaints, but not enough to make them not related. Boyne argued that the two claims were unrelated because they involved \u201cdifferent time periods, different locations, different plaintiffs, different master deeds, different management agreements and different HOA agreements.\u201d The court was unconvinced, explaining: \u201cTaken as a whole, the underlying complaints allege the same general course of conduct \u2014 Boyne imposes a rental management program on owners of properties it has developed, and uses the program to enrich itself at the expense of owners through various mechanisms. Both cases also allege that Boyne\u2019s exclusive rental management program violates securities laws and constitutes an unregistered security.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Montana federal court\u2019s related-claims analysis was fairly straightforward \u2014 the two complaints use the same language and the allege the same wrongful act at their core, so they are related. But a federal court predicting how the Montana Supreme Court would decide the issue is still a guess, and Montana\u2019s high court ultimately may adopt a different test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In all cases, whether two claims are related is a fact-intensive analysis that depends on the parties, time periods, wrongful acts, damages, and underlying facts giving rise to the dispute. Given all of these factors, related-claims outcomes are difficult to predict, especially when viewed through potentially different standards in a different state or venue. Policies may include choice of law or choice of venue clauses or arbitration clauses, which shift what law and forum apply \u2014 these could ultimately be determinative of whether claims are related.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts have adopted multiple interpretations of \u201crelated claims.\u201d The Montana federal court in\u00a0<em>Boyne<\/em>\u00a0and the Eleventh Circuit used the \u201csingle course of conduct\u201d test.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunton.com\/hunton-insurance-recovery-blog\/delaware-provides-further-guidance-for-navigating-interrelated-claims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Delaware courts apply<\/a>\u00a0the \u201cmeaningful linkage\u201d test. The Tenth Circuit has asked whether two claims were \u201cconnected by an inevitable or predictable interrelation or sequence of events.\u201d And a Virginia federal court recently applied a \u201ccommon nexus of facts\u201d test. While these phrases seem the same, the results can be wildly different. For instance, in the Eastern District of Virginia decision using the \u201ccommon nexus\u201d test,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunton.com\/hunton-insurance-recovery-blog\/the-related-claims-puzzle-virginia-federal-court-address-how-similar-two-claims-must-be-in-order-to-be-related\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">the court applied an unusually narrow definition of \u201crelated\u201d<\/a>\u00a0to find that two claims were not in fact related. Ultimately, whether two claims are related may depend upon which court hears the coverage matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRelated claims\u201d language is also unpredictable because it is not always pro-insurer or pro-policyholder. Whether it is advantageous to a policyholder for claims to be related or not depends on the context. A policyholder may argue that claims are related to avoid multiple retentions or deductibles or if only the second policy includes an exclusion that bars coverage. In contrast, an insurer may argue that claims are related if the first policy has already been exhausted or, like in&nbsp;<em>Boyne<\/em>, to avoid paying multiple limits. If the policyholder switched carriers, the later-in-time carrier will likely argue that claims are related to push coverage back onto the earlier-in-time carrier, and the earlier-in-time carrier will argue the opposite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 888.684.8305, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Geoffrey B. Fehling and Joseph T. Niczky | Hunton Insurance Recovery Blog A\u00a0recent decision in federal court in Montana\u00a0provides another example of different standards applied to assessing \u201crelated claims\u201d under directors and officers (D&amp;O) liability insurance policies. In this instance, the district court found that two class action lawsuits were related because they involved the&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/related-claims-federal-court-weigh-in-when-claims-are-related\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jurisdictional Conflict Over \u201cRelated Claims\u201d: Montana Federal Court Latest to Weigh in on When Claims Are Related<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[10721],"tags":[9895,22,12235],"class_list":["post-904897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insurance","tag-advise-consult","tag-insurance","tag-related-claims","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Jurisdictional Conflict Over \u201cRelated Claims\u201d: Montana Federal Court Latest to Weigh in on When Claims Are Related - Advise &amp; 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