{"id":906231,"date":"2026-10-13T15:58:42","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T21:58:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/?p=906231"},"modified":"2026-10-13T15:58:48","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T21:58:48","slug":"smoke-claims-what-we-have-learned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/smoke-claims-what-we-have-learned\/","title":{"rendered":"What We Have Learned From Wildfire Smoke Claims"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adviseandconsult.net\">Advise &amp; Consult, Inc.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a focused litigation briefing of the July 16, 2026, order in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.propertyinsurancecoveragelaw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pollock-v.-Federal-Ins.-Co.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Thomas Pollock, et al. v. Federal Insurance Company<\/a>, tailored for attorney and coverage counsel analysis of standing-home wildfire smoke and partial-loss claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Case Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Case:<\/strong> <em>Thomas Pollock, et al. v. Federal Insurance Company<\/em>, No. 21-cv-09975, 2026 WL 2059133 (N.D. Cal. July 16, 2026)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Context:<\/strong> Arising from the 2020 Glass Fire, the policyholders&#8217; guest house burned while the main residence remained standing. Plaintiffs alleged extensive smoke, soot, VOC, and combustion-product contamination rendering the main house uninhabitable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Appraisal Award:<\/strong> An appraisal panel valued the cost to return structures to pre-loss condition at over <strong>$32 million<\/strong> (36-month restoration period), explicitly disclaiming coverage determinations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Procedural Posture:<\/strong> Detailed trial court order addressing cross-motions on summary judgment, expert challenges (Daubert\/admissibility), appraisal caps, bad faith, fraud counterclaims, ALE, code upgrades, and soil remediation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Strategic Takeaways for Litigators<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Direct Physical Loss vs. Contamination (Addressing <em>Another Planet<\/em>)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Defense Argument:<\/strong> Insurers will lean on <em><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_case?case=17604163665781366858&amp;q=Another+Planet+Entertainment,+LLC+v.+Vigilant+Insurance+Company&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=4,104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Another Planet Entertainment, LLC v. Vigilant Insurance Company<\/a><\/em> to argue that abstract chemical presence or microscopic particulate does not constitute &#8220;direct physical loss.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Court&#8217;s Holding:<\/strong> Denied summary judgment for the carrier. The claim survived because plaintiffs&#8217; experts tied combustion products to actual physical intrusion into air and building assemblies, material absorption, persistence, and resulting functional uninhabitability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Litigation Tip:<\/strong> Plead and build the record around a comprehensive building-system impact (HVAC, cavities, insulation, porous materials), not just generalized odor or the presence of a plume.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Defeating the Pollution Exclusion in Wildfire Cases<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Defense Argument:<\/strong> Broad policy definitions of &#8220;pollutants&#8221; (including smoke, fumes, and chemicals) exclude volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Court&#8217;s Holding:<\/strong> Relying on <em><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_case?case=9554688465756560163&amp;q=MacKinnon+v.+Truck+Insurance+Exchange&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=4,5,321,322,323,324\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">MacKinnon v. Truck Insurance Exchange<\/a><\/em>, the court held that pollution exclusions target conventional environmental pollution\u2014not the inevitable toxic byproducts of a hostile wildfire. Recharacterizing ordinary fire smoke as &#8220;chemical contamination&#8221; does not strip away basic fire coverage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Overcoming the &#8220;Genuine Dispute&#8221; Doctrine in Bad Faith Claims<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Defense Argument:<\/strong> Relying on credentialed experts makes an insurer&#8217;s coverage position reasonable as a matter of law under the genuine dispute doctrine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Court&#8217;s Holding:<\/strong> Expert retention does not create an automatic shield. The bad-faith claim went to trial because evidence suggested an incomplete or outcome-driven investigation (ignoring favorable data, misstating terms, treating smoke like ordinary dust, and using unqualified consultants).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Litigation Tip:<\/strong> Discovery should aggressively target expert selection, instructions given, ignored testing metrics, and whether the carrier&#8217;s remediation protocols actually accounted for its own consultants&#8217; findings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Daubert Discipline: Structuring Your Expert Team<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Admitted:<\/strong> Environmental chemists (wildfire chemistry\/source analysis), industrial hygienists (testing data), and architects (building assemblies, concealed spaces, and the feasibility of cleaning vs. demolition).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Excluded:<\/strong> Epidemiologists offering &#8220;doubt science&#8221; bias opinions, forensic accountants offering prejudicial &#8220;red flags&#8221; reserve opinions, and insurance brokers lacking claims-handling expertise.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Litigation Tip:<\/strong> Maintain strict disciplinary lanes. Do not attempt to use a single expert to opine across chemistry, building science, valuation, and claims practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Appraisal: Setting the Ceiling Without Resolving Coverage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Ruling:<\/strong> The $32M+ appraisal award successfully established replacement cost (and a 36-month restoration period), creating an upper limit on structural and land coverage recovery. However, it left causation, exclusions, and bad-faith issues entirely open for the court\/jury.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Litigation Tip:<\/strong> Prior to demanding or stipulating to appraisal, precisely define the scope (what is included vs. excluded, ACV vs. RCV, trade-by-trade itemization, and restoration periods) to avoid accidentally boxing your client into an unfavorable recovery ceiling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Defeating Insurer Fraud and Breach Counterclaims<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Ruling:<\/strong> The court dismissed Federal\u2019s fraud and contract counterclaims with prejudice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Litigation Tip:<\/strong> Maintain meticulous separation in correspondence and proofs of loss among <strong>observation, scientific expert findings, construction estimates, and counsel&#8217;s coverage positions<\/strong>. Precision protects credibility and defeats allegations of intentional misrepresentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core Burden-of-Proof Checklist for Counsel<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pathways &amp; Ingress:<\/strong> Evidence demonstrating how combustion products traveled through specific building envelopes and cavities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Material Interaction:<\/strong> Proof of absorption, chemical bonding, or persistence\u2014not just surface dust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Remediation Feasibility:<\/strong> Comparative analysis showing why surface cleaning is destructive or inadequate for porous systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Segregated Code &amp; Soil Costs:<\/strong> Direct nexus linking code upgrades or soil stabilization\/excavation directly to the reconstruction of covered structures, supported by incurred\/contracted accounting where mandated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ALE Contemporaneous Proof:<\/strong> Actual financial obligations (leases, invoices) paired with documentation showing external reconstruction bottlenecks (permits, labor\/material shortages) to justify delays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When one of your cases is in need of a construction expert, estimates, insurance appraisal or umpire services in defect or insurance disputes &#8211; please call Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. at 801.641.8304, or email <a href=\"mailto:experts@adviseandconsult.net\">experts@adviseandconsult.net<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Advise &amp; Consult, Inc. Below is a focused litigation briefing of the July 16, 2026, order in Thomas Pollock, et al. v. Federal Insurance Company, tailored for attorney and coverage counsel analysis of standing-home wildfire smoke and partial-loss claims. Case Overview Key Strategic Takeaways for Litigators 1. Direct Physical Loss vs. Contamination (Addressing Another Planet)&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myconstructionexpert.com\/blog\/smoke-claims-what-we-have-learned\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">What We Have Learned From Wildfire Smoke Claims<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[10721],"tags":[9895,22,12375],"class_list":["post-906231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insurance","tag-advise-consult","tag-insurance","tag-smoke-claims","entry"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What We Have Learned From Wildfire Smoke Claims - Advise &amp; 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